Primate cities are disproportionately large cities in the urban hierarchy of a country. They are unrivaled political and economic hubs, as well as often serving as the capitals or administrative centers of a nation. In pursuit of economic development, countries often centralize resources and encourage migration to increase the labor force in these cities. Examples of primate cities include Seoul, Cairo, Bangkok, Budapest, Jakarta, and Lima.

An Individual Carbon Trading (ICT) scheme would give every citizen a monthly "carbon budget" for personal travel, heating, and meat consumption. If you exceed your budget, you must buy "credits" from someone who has stayed under theirs (e.g., someone who doesn't fly or drive).

Techno-pessimism is the idea that technology is frequently dangerous and that its development and deployment must be delayed, controlled, and only permitted in cases where the evidence strongly points to it being a net good. Techno-optimism is the opposite belief, that technological progress is generally good, that it should be liberally permitted, and there should be a high bar of proof before allowing any interference with technological progress.

In September 2024, Mexico enacted a constitutional reform that transitioned its judicial system from an appointment-based model to one where all federal and state judges, including Supreme Court justices, are elected by popular vote. The Supreme Court was reduced from 11 to 9 justices, and approximately 7,000 judicial positions are up for election in the next two years. Candidates are pre-selected through vetting committees representing the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and they

Transitional Justice (TJ) is a set of judicial and non-judicial mechanisms (e.g., trials, truth commissions, vetting, lustration procedures, memorials, and reparations) that readdress the legacies of human rights abuses during war, occupation, dictatorship, or other violent and suppressive conflicts. 

Lustration, a mechanism within the TJ framework, refers to the removal or exclusion from public office or state institutions of individuals associated with past regimes or armed groups (e.g., lus

The City Mouse lives a life of luxury, surrounded by an abundance of fine food, stimulation, and excitement, but must constantly navigate extreme dangers such as predators, traps, and human interference. The Country Mouse lives a modest, simple life with plain food and fewer comforts, but enjoys peace, security, and a lack of constant fear or stress.